Refactor PSD extraction: simplify to latest-only + add R2 support

## Key Changes

1. **Simplified extraction logic**
   - Changed from downloading 220+ historical archives to checking only latest available month
   - Tries current month and falls back up to 3 months (handles USDA publication lag)
   - Architecture advisor insight: ETags naturally deduplicate, historical year/month structure was unnecessary

2. **Flat storage structure**
   - Old: `data/{year}/{month}/{etag}.zip`
   - New: `data/{etag}.zip` (local) or `psd/{etag}.zip` (R2)
   - Migrated 226 existing files to flat structure

3. **Dual storage modes**
   - **Local mode**: Downloads to local directory (development)
   - **R2 mode**: Uploads to Cloudflare R2 (production)
   - Mode determined by presence of R2 environment variables
   - Added boto3 dependency for S3-compatible R2 API

4. **Updated raw SQLMesh model**
   - Changed pattern from `**/*.zip` to `*.zip` to match flat structure

## Benefits

- Simpler: Single file check instead of 220+ URL attempts
- Efficient: ETag-based deduplication works naturally
- Flexible: Supports both local dev and production R2 storage
- Maintainable: Removed unnecessary complexity

## Testing

- ✅ Local extraction works and respects ETags
- ✅ Falls back correctly when current month unavailable
- ✅ Linting passes

🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code)

Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>

CLAUDE.md

@@ -36,13 +36,24 @@ This is a uv workspace with three main components:
 ### 1. Extract Layer (`extract/`)
 Contains extraction packages for pulling data from external sources.
 
-- **`extract/psdonline/`**: Extracts USDA PSD commodity data from archives dating back to 2006
+- **`extract/psdonline/`**: Extracts USDA PSD commodity data
   - Entry point: `extract_psd` CLI command (defined in `extract/psdonline/src/psdonline/execute.py`)
-  - Downloads monthly zip archives to `extract/psdonline/src/psdonline/data/`
+  - Checks latest available monthly snapshot (tries current month and 3 months back)
   - Uses ETags to avoid re-downloading unchanged files
+  - Storage modes:
+    - **Local mode** (no R2 credentials): Downloads to `extract/psdonline/src/psdonline/data/{etag}.zip`
+    - **R2 mode** (R2 credentials present): Uploads to `s3://bucket/psd/{etag}.zip`
+  - Flat structure: files named by ETag for natural deduplication
 
 **Run extraction:**
 ```bash
+extract_psd  # Local mode (default)
+
+# R2 mode (requires env vars: R2_ENDPOINT, R2_BUCKET, R2_ACCESS_KEY, R2_SECRET_KEY)
+export R2_ENDPOINT=...
+export R2_BUCKET=...
+export R2_ACCESS_KEY=...
+export R2_SECRET_KEY=...
 extract_psd
 ```
 

extract/psdonline/pyproject.toml

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ authors = [
 requires-python = ">=3.13"
 
 dependencies = [
+    "boto3>=1.40.55",
     "niquests>=3.14.1",
     "pendulum>=3.1.0",
 ]

extract/psdonline/src/psdonline/execute.py

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 import logging
+import os
 import pathlib
 import sys
 from datetime import datetime
 
+import boto3
 import niquests
+from botocore.exceptions import ClientError
 
 logging.basicConfig(
     level=logging.INFO,
@@ -17,14 +20,45 @@ logger = logging.getLogger("PSDOnline Extractor")
 OUTPUT_DIR = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent / "data"
 OUTPUT_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
 logger.info(f"Output dir: {OUTPUT_DIR}")
-#TODO: adapt to environment values, so this writes to s3 in prod
+
+# R2 configuration from environment
+R2_ENDPOINT = os.getenv('R2_ENDPOINT')
+R2_BUCKET = os.getenv('R2_BUCKET')
+R2_ACCESS_KEY = os.getenv('R2_ACCESS_KEY')
+R2_SECRET_KEY = os.getenv('R2_SECRET_KEY')
+
 PSD_HISTORICAL_URL = "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/downloads/archives/{year}/{month:02d}/psd_alldata_csv.zip"
 FIRST_YEAR = 2006
 FIRST_MONTH = 8
 
-def extract_psd_file(url:str, extract_to_path: pathlib.Path, http_session: niquests.Session):
+def check_r2_file_exists(etag: str, s3_client) -> bool:
+    """Check if file exists in R2."""
+    r2_key = f"psd/{etag}.zip"
+    try:
+        s3_client.head_object(Bucket=R2_BUCKET, Key=r2_key)
+        logger.info(f"File {r2_key} already exists in R2, skipping")
+        return True
+    except ClientError as e:
+        if e.response['Error']['Code'] == '404':
+            return False
+        raise
+
+
+def upload_to_r2(content: bytes, etag: str, s3_client):
+    """Upload file content to R2."""
+    r2_key = f"psd/{etag}.zip"
+    logger.info(f"Uploading to R2: {r2_key}")
+    s3_client.put_object(Bucket=R2_BUCKET, Key=r2_key, Body=content)
+    logger.info("Upload complete")
+
+
+def extract_psd_file(url: str, extract_to_path: pathlib.Path, http_session: niquests.Session, s3_client=None):
+    """
+    Extract PSD file either to local storage or R2.
+    If s3_client is provided, uploads to R2 only (no local storage).
+    If s3_client is None, downloads to local storage.
+    """
     logger.info(f"Requesting file {url} ...")
-    extracted_etags = [file.stem for file in OUTPUT_DIR.rglob("*.zip")]
 
     response = http_session.head(url)
     if response.status_code == 404:
@@ -33,34 +67,73 @@ def extract_psd_file(url:str, extract_to_path: pathlib.Path, http_session: nique
     elif response.status_code != 200:
         logger.error(f"Status code not ok, STATUS={response.status_code}")
         return
+
     etag = response.headers.get("etag").replace('"',"").replace(":","_")
-    if etag in extracted_etags:
+
-        logger.info("File already extracted, skipping download.")
+    # R2 mode: check R2 and upload if needed
-        return
+    if s3_client:
-    else:
+        if check_r2_file_exists(etag, s3_client):
+            return
         response = http_session.get(url)
-    extract_to_path = extract_to_path / f"{etag}.zip"
+        upload_to_r2(response.content, etag, s3_client)
-    logger.info(f"Storing file to {extract_to_path}")
+        return
-    extract_to_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
-    extract_to_path.write_bytes(response.content)
+    # Local mode: check local and download if needed
-    logger.info("Download done.")
+    local_file = extract_to_path / f"{etag}.zip"
+    if local_file.exists():
+        logger.info(f"File {etag}.zip already exists locally, skipping")
+        return
+
+    response = http_session.get(url)
+    logger.info(f"Storing file to {local_file}")
+    extract_to_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    local_file.write_bytes(response.content)
+    logger.info("Download complete")
 
 
 def extract_psd_dataset():
     today = datetime.now()
-    years = list(range(FIRST_YEAR, today.year+1))
+
-    for year in years:
+    # Check if R2 credentials are configured
-        months = list(range(1,13))
+    use_r2 = all([R2_ENDPOINT, R2_BUCKET, R2_ACCESS_KEY, R2_SECRET_KEY])
-        if year == FIRST_YEAR:
+
-            months = list(range(FIRST_MONTH, 13))
+    if use_r2:
-        if year == years[-1]:
+        logger.info("R2 credentials found, uploading to R2")
-            months = list(range(1, today.month+1))
+        s3_client = boto3.client(
-        logger.info(f"Year {year}, extracting months: {months}")
+            's3',
-        for month in months:
+            endpoint_url=R2_ENDPOINT,
+            aws_access_key_id=R2_ACCESS_KEY,
+            aws_secret_access_key=R2_SECRET_KEY
+        )
+    else:
+        logger.info("R2 credentials not found, downloading to local storage")
+        s3_client = None
+
+    # Try current month and previous 3 months (USDA data is published with lag)
+    with niquests.Session() as session:
+        for months_back in range(4):
+            year = today.year
+            month = today.month - months_back
+            # Handle year rollover
+            while month < 1:
+                month += 12
+                year -= 1
+
             url = PSD_HISTORICAL_URL.format(year=year, month=month)
-            target_dir = OUTPUT_DIR / f"{year}"/f"{month:02d}"
+            logger.info(f"Trying {year}-{month:02d}...")
-            with niquests.Session() as session:
+
-                extract_psd_file(url=url, http_session=session, extract_to_path=target_dir)
+            # Check if URL exists
+            response = session.head(url)
+            if response.status_code == 200:
+                logger.info(f"Found latest data at {year}-{month:02d}")
+                extract_psd_file(url=url, http_session=session, extract_to_path=OUTPUT_DIR, s3_client=s3_client)
+                return
+            elif response.status_code == 404:
+                logger.info(f"Month {year}-{month:02d} not found, trying earlier...")
+            else:
+                logger.warning(f"Unexpected status code {response.status_code} for {year}-{month:02d}")
+
+        logger.error("Could not find any available data in the last 4 months")
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

transform/sqlmesh_materia/models/raw/psd_data.sql

@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ MODEL (
 )
 );
 SELECT *
- FROM read_csv('zip://extract/psdonline/src/psdonline/data/**/*.zip/*.csv', header=true, union_by_name=true, filename=true, names = ['commodity_code', 'commodity_description', 'country_code', 'country_name', 'market_year', 'calendar_year', 'month', 'attribute_id', 'attribute_description', 'unit_id', 'unit_description', 'value'], all_varchar=true)
+ FROM read_csv('zip://extract/psdonline/src/psdonline/data/*.zip/*.csv', header=true, union_by_name=true, filename=true, names = ['commodity_code', 'commodity_description', 'country_code', 'country_name', 'market_year', 'calendar_year', 'month', 'attribute_id', 'attribute_description', 'unit_id', 'unit_description', 'value'], all_varchar=true)

uv.lock

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 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "boto3"
+version = "1.40.55"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "botocore" },
+    { name = "jmespath" },
+    { name = "s3transfer" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/50/d8/a279c054e0c9731172f05b3d118f3ffc9d74806657f84fc0c93c42d1bb5d/boto3-1.40.55.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:27e35b4fa9edd414ce06c1a748bf57cacd8203271847d93fc1053e4a4ec6e1a9", size = 111590, upload-time = "2025-10-17T19:34:56.753Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/42/8c/559c6145d857ed953536a83f3a94915bbd5d3d2d406db1abf8bf40be7645/boto3-1.40.55-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:2e30f5a0d49e107b8a5c0c487891afd300bfa410e1d918bf187ae45ac3839332", size = 139322, upload-time = "2025-10-17T19:34:55.028Z" },
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "botocore"
+version = "1.40.55"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "jmespath" },
+    { name = "python-dateutil" },
+    { name = "urllib3" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a4/92/dce4842b2e215d213d34b064fcdd13c6a782c43344e77336bcde586e9229/botocore-1.40.55.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:79b6472e2de92b3519d44fc1eec8c5feced7f99a0d10fdea6dc93133426057c1", size = 14446917, upload-time = "2025-10-17T19:34:47.44Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/21/30/f13bbc36e83b78777ff1abf50a084efcc3336b808e76560d8c5a0c9219e0/botocore-1.40.55-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:cdc38f7a4ddb30a2cd1cdd4fabde2a5a16e41b5a642292e1c30de5c4e46f5d44", size = 14116107, upload-time = "2025-10-17T19:34:44.398Z" },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cattrs"
 version = "25.1.1"
@@ -765,6 +793,15 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/62/a1/3d680cbfd5f4b8f15abc1d571870c5fc3e594bb582bc3b64ea099db13e56/jinja2-3.1.6-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:85ece4451f492d0c13c5dd7c13a64681a86afae63a5f347908daf103ce6d2f67", size = 134899, upload-time = "2025-03-05T20:05:00.369Z" },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "jmespath"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/00/2a/e867e8531cf3e36b41201936b7fa7ba7b5702dbef42922193f05c8976cd6/jmespath-1.0.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:90261b206d6defd58fdd5e85f478bf633a2901798906be2ad389150c5c60edbe", size = 25843, upload-time = "2022-06-17T18:00:12.224Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/31/b4/b9b800c45527aadd64d5b442f9b932b00648617eb5d63d2c7a6587b7cafc/jmespath-1.0.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:02e2e4cc71b5bcab88332eebf907519190dd9e6e82107fa7f83b1003a6252980", size = 20256, upload-time = "2022-06-17T18:00:10.251Z" },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "json-stream"
 version = "2.3.3"
@@ -1225,12 +1262,14 @@ name = "psdonline"
 version = "0.1.0"
 source = { editable = "extract/psdonline" }
 dependencies = [
+    { name = "boto3" },
     { name = "niquests" },
     { name = "pendulum" },
 ]
 
 [package.metadata]
 requires-dist = [
+    { name = "boto3", specifier = ">=1.40.55" },
     { name = "niquests", specifier = ">=3.14.1" },
     { name = "pendulum", specifier = ">=3.1.0" },
 ]
@@ -1740,6 +1779,18 @@ wheels = [
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 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "s3transfer"
+version = "0.14.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "botocore" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/62/74/8d69dcb7a9efe8baa2046891735e5dfe433ad558ae23d9e3c14c633d1d58/s3transfer-0.14.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:eff12264e7c8b4985074ccce27a3b38a485bb7f7422cc8046fee9be4983e4125", size = 151547, upload-time = "2025-09-09T19:23:31.089Z" }
+wheels = [
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+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "semver"
 version = "3.0.4"