diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 832ea1f..61ff8cf 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -16,10 +16,27 @@ The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.1.0/).
   - **Admin email gallery** (`/admin/emails/gallery`) — card grid of all email types; preview page with EN/DE language toggle renders each template in a sandboxed iframe (`srcdoc`); "View in sent log →" cross-link; gallery link added to admin sidebar
   - **Compose live preview** — two-column compose layout: form on the left, HTMX-powered preview iframe on the right; `hx-trigger="input delay:500ms"` on the textarea; `POST /admin/emails/compose/preview` endpoint supports plain body or branded wrapper via `wrap` checkbox
   - 50 new tests covering all template renders (EN + DE), registry structure, gallery routes (access control, list, preview, lang fallback), and compose preview endpoint
+- **JSONL streaming landing format** — extractors now write one JSON object per line (`.jsonl.gz`) instead of a single large blob, eliminating in-memory accumulation and `maximum_object_size` workarounds:
+  - `playtomic_tenants.py` → `tenants.jsonl.gz` (one tenant per line; dedup still happens in memory before write)
+  - `playtomic_availability.py` → `availability_{date}.jsonl.gz` (one venue per line with `date`/`captured_at_utc` injected; working file IS the final file — eliminates the consolidation step)
+  - `geonames.py` → `cities_global.jsonl.gz` (one city per line; eliminates 30 MB blob and its `maximum_object_size` workaround)
+  - `compress_jsonl_atomic(jsonl_path, dest_path)` utility added to `utils.py` — streams compression in 1 MB chunks, atomic `.tmp` rename, deletes source
+- **Regional Overpass splitting for tennis courts** — replaces single global query (150K+ elements, timed out) with 10 regional bbox queries (~10-40K elements each, 150s server / 180s client):
+  - Regions: europe\_west, europe\_central, europe\_east, north\_america, south\_america, asia\_east, asia\_west, oceania, africa, asia\_north
+  - Per-region retry (2 attempts, 30s cooldown) + 5s inter-region polite delay
+  - Crash recovery via `working.jsonl` accumulation — already-written element IDs skipped on restart; completed regions produce 0 new elements on re-query
+  - Output: `courts.jsonl.gz` (one OSM element per line)
+- **`scripts/init_landing_seeds.py`** — creates minimal `.jsonl.gz` and `.json.gz` seed files in `1970/01/` so SQLMesh staging models can run before real extraction data arrives; idempotent
+
+### Changed
+- All modified staging SQL models use **UNION ALL transition CTEs** — both JSONL (new) and blob (old) formats are readable simultaneously; old `.json.gz` files in the landing zone continue working until they rotate out naturally:
+  - `stg_playtomic_venues`, `stg_playtomic_resources`, `stg_playtomic_opening_hours` — JSONL top-level columns (no `UNNEST(tenants)`)
+  - `stg_playtomic_availability` — JSONL morning files + blob morning files + blob recheck files
+  - `stg_population_geonames` — JSONL city rows (no `UNNEST(rows)`, no `maximum_object_size`)
+  - `stg_tennis_courts` — JSONL elements with `COALESCE(lat, center.lat)` for way/relation centre coords; blob UNNEST kept for old files
 
 ### Removed
 - `_email_wrap()` and `_email_button()` helper functions removed from `worker.py` — replaced by templates
-
 - **Marketplace admin dashboard** (`/admin/marketplace`) — single-screen health view for the two-sided market:
   - **Lead funnel** — total / verified-new (ready to unlock) / unlocked / won / conversion rate
   - **Credit economy** — total credits issued, consumed (lead unlocks), outstanding balance across all paid suppliers, 30-day burn rate
diff --git a/PROJECT.md b/PROJECT.md
index 9feaa0c..0a96835 100644
--- a/PROJECT.md
+++ b/PROJECT.md
@@ -93,6 +93,9 @@
 - [x] `dim_venues` (OSM + Playtomic deduped), `dim_cities` (Eurostat population)
 - [x] `city_market_profile` (market score OBT), `planner_defaults` (per-city calculator pre-fill)
 - [x] DuckDB analytics reader in app lifecycle
+- [x] **JSONL streaming landing format** — extractors write `.jsonl.gz` (one record per line); constant-memory compression via `compress_jsonl_atomic()`; eliminates `maximum_object_size` workarounds; all modified staging models use UNION ALL transition to support both formats
+- [x] **Regional Overpass tennis splitting** — 10 regional bbox queries replace the single global 150K-element query that timed out; crash recovery via `working.jsonl` accumulation
+- [x] **`init_landing_seeds.py`** — creates minimal seed files for both JSONL and blob formats so SQLMesh can run before real data arrives
 
 ### i18n
 - [x] Full i18n across entire app (EN + DE)
diff --git a/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/geonames.py b/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/geonames.py
index b6d6a8d..0e83498 100644
--- a/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/geonames.py
+++ b/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/geonames.py
@@ -10,14 +10,14 @@ highest padel investment opportunity (white space markets).
 
 Requires: GEONAMES_USERNAME env var (free registration at geonames.org)
 
-Landing: {LANDING_DIR}/geonames/{year}/{month}/cities_global.json.gz
-Output:  {"rows": [{"geoname_id": 2950159, "city_name": "Berlin",
-                    "country_code": "DE", "population": 3644826,
-                    "lat": 52.524, "lon": 13.411,
-                    "admin1_code": "16", "admin2_code": "00",
-                    "ref_year": 2024}], "count": N}
+Landing: {LANDING_DIR}/geonames/{year}/{month}/cities_global.jsonl.gz
+Output:  one JSON object per line, e.g.:
+         {"geoname_id": 2950159, "city_name": "Berlin", "country_code": "DE",
+          "population": 3644826, "lat": 52.524, "lon": 13.411,
+          "admin1_code": "16", "admin2_code": "00", "ref_year": 2024}
 """
 
+import gzip
 import io
 import json
 import os
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
 import niquests
 
 from ._shared import HTTP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS, run_extractor, setup_logging
-from .utils import get_last_cursor, landing_path, write_gzip_atomic
+from .utils import compress_jsonl_atomic, get_last_cursor, landing_path
 
 logger = setup_logging("padelnomics.extract.geonames")
 
@@ -131,9 +131,12 @@ def extract(
         logger.warning("GEONAMES_USERNAME not set — writing empty placeholder so SQLMesh models can run")
         year, month = year_month.split("/")
         dest_dir = landing_path(landing_dir, "geonames", year, month)
-        dest = dest_dir / "cities_global.json.gz"
+        dest = dest_dir / "cities_global.jsonl.gz"
         if not dest.exists():
-            write_gzip_atomic(dest, b'{"rows": [], "count": 0}')
+            tmp = dest.with_suffix(".gz.tmp")
+            with gzip.open(tmp, "wt") as f:
+                f.write('{"geoname_id":null}\n')  # filtered by WHERE geoname_id IS NOT NULL
+            tmp.rename(dest)
         return {"files_written": 0, "files_skipped": 1, "bytes_written": 0}
 
     last_cursor = get_last_cursor(conn, EXTRACTOR_NAME)
@@ -164,9 +167,12 @@ def extract(
     logger.info("parsed %d global locations (pop ≥1K)", len(rows))
 
     dest_dir = landing_path(landing_dir, "geonames", year, month)
-    dest = dest_dir / "cities_global.json.gz"
-    payload = json.dumps({"rows": rows, "count": len(rows)}).encode()
-    bytes_written = write_gzip_atomic(dest, payload)
+    dest = dest_dir / "cities_global.jsonl.gz"
+    working_path = dest.with_suffix(".working.jsonl")
+    with open(working_path, "w") as f:
+        for row in rows:
+            f.write(json.dumps(row, separators=(",", ":")) + "\n")
+    bytes_written = compress_jsonl_atomic(working_path, dest)
     logger.info("written %s bytes compressed", f"{bytes_written:,}")
 
     return {
diff --git a/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/overpass_tennis.py b/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/overpass_tennis.py
index d0a6748..e7f1c0f 100644
--- a/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/overpass_tennis.py
+++ b/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/overpass_tennis.py
@@ -1,40 +1,77 @@
 """Overpass API extractor — global tennis court locations from OpenStreetMap.
 
-Queries the Overpass API for all nodes/ways/relations tagged sport=tennis.
-Tennis court density near a location is a proxy for racket-sport culture —
-areas with many tennis clubs are prime candidates for padel adoption.
+Queries the Overpass API for all nodes/ways/relations tagged sport=tennis,
+split across 10 geographic regions to avoid timeout on the ~150K+ global result.
 
-The query returns ~150K+ results globally (vs ~5K for padel), so a higher
-Overpass timeout is used.
+Regional strategy:
+  - Each region is a bounding box covering a continent or sub-continent
+  - Each region is queried independently (POST with [bbox:...])
+  - Overlapping bboxes are deduped on OSM element id
+  - One region per POST (~10-40K elements each, well within Overpass limits)
+  - Crash recovery: working JSONL accumulates completed regions; on restart
+    already-written IDs are skipped, completed regions produce 0 new elements
 
-Landing: {LANDING_DIR}/overpass_tennis/{year}/{month}/courts.json.gz
+Landing: {LANDING_DIR}/overpass_tennis/{year}/{month}/courts.jsonl.gz
 """
 
+import json
 import sqlite3
+import time
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import niquests
 
-from ._shared import OVERPASS_TIMEOUT_SECONDS, run_extractor, setup_logging
-from .utils import landing_path, write_gzip_atomic
+from ._shared import run_extractor, setup_logging
+from .utils import compress_jsonl_atomic, landing_path, load_partial_results
 
 logger = setup_logging("padelnomics.extract.overpass_tennis")
 
 EXTRACTOR_NAME = "overpass_tennis"
 OVERPASS_URL = "https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter"
 
-# Tennis returns ~150K+ elements globally vs ~5K for padel — use 3× timeout.
-TENNIS_OVERPASS_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = OVERPASS_TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 3
+# Each region is [south, west, north, east] — Overpass bbox format
+REGIONS = [
+    {"name": "europe_west",    "bbox": "35.0,-11.0,61.0,8.0"},      # FR ES GB PT IE BE NL
+    {"name": "europe_central", "bbox": "42.0,8.0,55.5,24.0"},       # DE IT AT CH CZ PL HU
+    {"name": "europe_east",    "bbox": "35.0,24.0,72.0,60.0"},      # Nordics Baltics GR TR RO
+    {"name": "north_america",  "bbox": "15.0,-170.0,72.0,-50.0"},   # US CA MX
+    {"name": "south_america",  "bbox": "-56.0,-82.0,15.0,-34.0"},   # BR AR CL
+    {"name": "asia_east",      "bbox": "18.0,73.0,54.0,150.0"},     # JP KR CN
+    {"name": "asia_west",      "bbox": "-11.0,24.0,42.0,73.0"},     # Middle East India
+    {"name": "oceania",        "bbox": "-50.0,110.0,5.0,180.0"},    # AU NZ
+    {"name": "africa",         "bbox": "-35.0,-18.0,37.0,52.0"},    # ZA EG MA
+    {"name": "asia_north",     "bbox": "42.0,60.0,82.0,180.0"},     # RU-east KZ
+]
 
-OVERPASS_QUERY = (
-    "[out:json][timeout:300];\n"
-    "(\n"
-    '  node["sport"="tennis"];\n'
-    '  way["sport"="tennis"];\n'
-    '  relation["sport"="tennis"];\n'
-    ");\n"
-    "out center;"
-)
+MAX_RETRIES_PER_REGION = 2
+RETRY_DELAY_SECONDS = 30       # Overpass cooldown between retries
+REGION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 180   # Client-side per-region timeout (server uses 150s)
+INTER_REGION_DELAY_SECONDS = 5 # Polite delay between regions
+
+
+def _region_query(bbox: str) -> str:
+    """Build an Overpass QL query for tennis courts within a bounding box."""
+    return (
+        f"[out:json][timeout:150][bbox:{bbox}];\n"
+        "(\n"
+        "  node[\"sport\"=\"tennis\"];\n"
+        "  way[\"sport\"=\"tennis\"];\n"
+        "  rel[\"sport\"=\"tennis\"];\n"
+        ");\n"
+        "out center;"
+    )
+
+
+def _query_region(session: niquests.Session, region: dict) -> list[dict]:
+    """POST one regional Overpass query. Returns list of OSM elements."""
+    query = _region_query(region["bbox"])
+    resp = session.post(
+        OVERPASS_URL,
+        data={"data": query},
+        timeout=REGION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    )
+    resp.raise_for_status()
+    return resp.json().get("elements", [])
 
 
 def extract(
@@ -43,24 +80,84 @@ def extract(
     conn: sqlite3.Connection,
     session: niquests.Session,
 ) -> dict:
-    """POST OverpassQL query for tennis courts and write raw OSM JSON. Returns run metrics."""
+    """Query Overpass for global tennis courts using regional bbox splitting.
+
+    Splits the global query into REGIONS to avoid Overpass timeout.
+    Writes one OSM element per line to courts.jsonl.gz.
+    Crash-safe: working.jsonl accumulates results; on restart already-written
+    element IDs are skipped so completed regions produce 0 new elements.
+    """
+    assert landing_dir.is_dir(), f"landing_dir must exist: {landing_dir}"
+    assert "/" in year_month and len(year_month) == 7, f"year_month must be YYYY/MM: {year_month!r}"
+
     year, month = year_month.split("/")
     dest_dir = landing_path(landing_dir, "overpass_tennis", year, month)
-    dest = dest_dir / "courts.json.gz"
+    dest = dest_dir / "courts.jsonl.gz"
+    old_blob = dest_dir / "courts.json.gz"
 
-    logger.info("POST %s (sport=tennis, ~150K+ results expected)", OVERPASS_URL)
-    resp = session.post(
-        OVERPASS_URL,
-        data={"data": OVERPASS_QUERY},
-        timeout=TENNIS_OVERPASS_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    if dest.exists() or old_blob.exists():
+        logger.info("Already have courts for %s — skipping", year_month)
+        return {"files_written": 0, "files_skipped": 1, "bytes_written": 0}
+
+    # Crash recovery: load already-written elements from the working file
+    working_path = dest_dir / "courts.working.jsonl"
+    prior_records, already_seen_ids = load_partial_results(working_path, id_key="id")
+    if already_seen_ids:
+        logger.info("Resuming: %d elements already in working file", len(already_seen_ids))
+
+    total_new = 0
+    regions_succeeded: list[str] = []
+    regions_failed: list[str] = []
+
+    working_file = open(working_path, "a")  # noqa: SIM115
+    try:
+        for i, region in enumerate(REGIONS):
+            for attempt in range(MAX_RETRIES_PER_REGION + 1):
+                try:
+                    elements = _query_region(session, region)
+                    new_elements = [e for e in elements if str(e.get("id", "")) not in already_seen_ids]
+                    for elem in new_elements:
+                        working_file.write(json.dumps(elem, separators=(",", ":")) + "\n")
+                        already_seen_ids.add(str(elem["id"]))
+                    working_file.flush()
+                    total_new += len(new_elements)
+                    regions_succeeded.append(region["name"])
+                    logger.info(
+                        "Region %s: %d elements (%d new, %d total)",
+                        region["name"], len(elements), len(new_elements), len(already_seen_ids),
+                    )
+                    break
+                except niquests.exceptions.RequestException as exc:
+                    if attempt < MAX_RETRIES_PER_REGION:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            "Region %s attempt %d failed: %s — retrying in %ds",
+                            region["name"], attempt + 1, exc, RETRY_DELAY_SECONDS,
+                        )
+                        time.sleep(RETRY_DELAY_SECONDS)
+                    else:
+                        regions_failed.append(region["name"])
+                        logger.error(
+                            "Region %s failed after %d attempts: %s",
+                            region["name"], MAX_RETRIES_PER_REGION + 1, exc,
+                        )
+
+            if i < len(REGIONS) - 1:
+                time.sleep(INTER_REGION_DELAY_SECONDS)
+    finally:
+        working_file.close()
+
+    total_elements = len(prior_records) + total_new
+    if total_elements == 0:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"All regions failed, no elements written: {regions_failed}")
+
+    if regions_failed:
+        logger.warning("Completed with %d failed regions: %s", len(regions_failed), regions_failed)
+
+    bytes_written = compress_jsonl_atomic(working_path, dest)
+    logger.info(
+        "%d total elements (%d regions, %d failed) -> %s (%s bytes)",
+        total_elements, len(regions_succeeded), len(regions_failed), dest, f"{bytes_written:,}",
     )
-    resp.raise_for_status()
-
-    size_bytes = len(resp.content)
-    logger.info("%s bytes received", f"{size_bytes:,}")
-
-    bytes_written = write_gzip_atomic(dest, resp.content)
-    logger.info("wrote %s (%s bytes compressed)", dest, f"{bytes_written:,}")
 
     return {
         "files_written": 1,
diff --git a/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/playtomic_availability.py b/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/playtomic_availability.py
index e665ccd..1fab6e2 100644
--- a/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/playtomic_availability.py
+++ b/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/playtomic_availability.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ records (a few seconds of work with 10 workers) are lost on crash.
 Recheck mode: re-queries venues with slots starting within the next 90 minutes.
 Writes a separate recheck file for more accurate occupancy measurement.
 
-Landing: {LANDING_DIR}/playtomic/{year}/{month}/availability_{date}.json.gz
+Landing: {LANDING_DIR}/playtomic/{year}/{month}/availability_{date}.jsonl.gz
 Recheck: {LANDING_DIR}/playtomic/{year}/{month}/availability_{date}_recheck_{HH}.json.gz
 """
 
@@ -34,7 +34,13 @@ import niquests
 
 from ._shared import HTTP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS, USER_AGENT, run_extractor, setup_logging
 from .proxy import load_fallback_proxy_urls, load_proxy_urls, make_tiered_cycler
-from .utils import flush_partial_batch, landing_path, load_partial_results, write_gzip_atomic
+from .utils import (
+    compress_jsonl_atomic,
+    flush_partial_batch,
+    landing_path,
+    load_partial_results,
+    write_gzip_atomic,
+)
 
 logger = setup_logging("padelnomics.extract.playtomic_availability")
 
@@ -65,28 +71,44 @@ _thread_local = threading.local()
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def _load_tenant_ids(landing_dir: Path) -> list[str]:
-    """Read tenant IDs from the most recent tenants.json.gz file."""
+    """Read tenant IDs from the most recent tenants file (JSONL or blob format)."""
     assert landing_dir.is_dir(), f"landing_dir must exist: {landing_dir}"
     playtomic_dir = landing_dir / "playtomic"
     if not playtomic_dir.exists():
         return []
 
-    tenant_files = sorted(playtomic_dir.glob("*/*/tenants.json.gz"), reverse=True)
+    # Prefer JSONL (new format), fall back to blob (old format)
+    tenant_files = sorted(playtomic_dir.glob("*/*/tenants.jsonl.gz"), reverse=True)
+    if not tenant_files:
+        tenant_files = sorted(playtomic_dir.glob("*/*/tenants.json.gz"), reverse=True)
     if not tenant_files:
         return []
 
     latest = tenant_files[0]
     logger.info("Loading tenant IDs from %s", latest)
-
-    with gzip.open(latest, "rb") as f:
-        data = json.loads(f.read())
-
-    tenants = data.get("tenants", [])
     ids = []
-    for t in tenants:
-        tid = t.get("tenant_id") or t.get("id")
-        if tid:
-            ids.append(tid)
+
+    with gzip.open(latest, "rt") as f:
+        if latest.name.endswith(".jsonl.gz"):
+            # JSONL: one tenant object per line
+            for line in f:
+                line = line.strip()
+                if not line:
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    record = json.loads(line)
+                    tid = record.get("tenant_id") or record.get("id")
+                    if tid:
+                        ids.append(tid)
+                except json.JSONDecodeError:
+                    break  # truncated last line
+        else:
+            # Blob: {"tenants": [...]}
+            data = json.loads(f.read())
+            for t in data.get("tenants", []):
+                tid = t.get("tenant_id") or t.get("id")
+                if tid:
+                    ids.append(tid)
 
     logger.info("Loaded %d tenant IDs", len(ids))
     return ids
@@ -257,14 +279,14 @@ def extract(
 
     year, month = year_month.split("/")
     dest_dir = landing_path(landing_dir, "playtomic", year, month)
-    dest = dest_dir / f"availability_{target_date}.json.gz"
-
-    if dest.exists():
-        logger.info("Already have %s — skipping", dest)
+    dest = dest_dir / f"availability_{target_date}.jsonl.gz"
+    old_blob = dest_dir / f"availability_{target_date}.json.gz"
+    if dest.exists() or old_blob.exists():
+        logger.info("Already have availability for %s — skipping", target_date)
         return {"files_written": 0, "files_skipped": 1, "bytes_written": 0}
 
-    # Crash resumption: load already-fetched venues from partial file
-    partial_path = dest.with_suffix(".partial.jsonl")
+    # Crash resumption: load already-fetched venues from working file
+    partial_path = dest_dir / f"availability_{target_date}.working.jsonl"
     prior_results, already_done = load_partial_results(partial_path, id_key="tenant_id")
     if already_done:
         logger.info("Resuming: %d venues already fetched from partial file", len(already_done))
@@ -281,7 +303,10 @@ def extract(
     start_min_str = start_min.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S")
     start_max_str = start_max.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S")
 
-    # Partial file for incremental crash-safe progress
+    # Timestamp stamped into every JSONL line — computed once before the fetch loop.
+    captured_at = datetime.now(UTC).strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ")
+
+    # Working file for incremental crash-safe progress (IS the final file).
     partial_file = open(partial_path, "a")  # noqa: SIM115
     partial_lock = threading.Lock()
     pending_batch: list[dict] = []
@@ -289,6 +314,9 @@ def extract(
     def _on_result(result: dict) -> None:
         # Called inside _fetch_venues_parallel's lock — no additional locking needed.
         # In serial mode, called single-threaded — also safe without extra locking.
+        # Inject date + captured_at so every JSONL line is self-contained.
+        result["date"] = target_date
+        result["captured_at_utc"] = captured_at
         pending_batch.append(result)
         if len(pending_batch) >= PARTIAL_FLUSH_SIZE:
             flush_partial_batch(partial_file, partial_lock, pending_batch)
@@ -332,24 +360,13 @@ def extract(
         pending_batch.clear()
     partial_file.close()
 
-    # Consolidate prior (resumed) + new results into final file
-    venues_data = prior_results + new_venues_data
-    captured_at = datetime.now(UTC).strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ")
-    payload = json.dumps({
-        "date": target_date,
-        "captured_at_utc": captured_at,
-        "venue_count": len(venues_data),
-        "venues_errored": venues_errored,
-        "venues": venues_data,
-    }).encode()
-
-    bytes_written = write_gzip_atomic(dest, payload)
-    if partial_path.exists():
-        partial_path.unlink()
+    # Working file IS the output — compress atomically (deletes source).
+    total_venues = len(prior_results) + len(new_venues_data)
+    bytes_written = compress_jsonl_atomic(partial_path, dest)
 
     logger.info(
         "%d venues scraped (%d errors) -> %s (%s bytes)",
-        len(venues_data), venues_errored, dest, f"{bytes_written:,}",
+        total_venues, venues_errored, dest, f"{bytes_written:,}",
     )
 
     return {
@@ -364,14 +381,36 @@ def extract(
 # Recheck mode — re-query venues with upcoming slots for accurate occupancy
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+def _read_availability_jsonl(path: Path) -> dict:
+    """Read a JSONL availability file into the blob dict format recheck expects."""
+    venues = []
+    date_val = captured_at = None
+    with gzip.open(path, "rt") as f:
+        for line in f:
+            line = line.strip()
+            if not line:
+                continue
+            try:
+                record = json.loads(line)
+            except json.JSONDecodeError:
+                break  # truncated last line on crash
+            if date_val is None:
+                date_val = record.get("date")
+                captured_at = record.get("captured_at_utc")
+            venues.append(record)
+    return {"date": date_val, "captured_at_utc": captured_at, "venues": venues}
+
+
 def _load_morning_availability(landing_dir: Path, target_date: str) -> dict | None:
-    """Load today's morning availability file. Returns parsed JSON or None."""
+    """Load today's morning availability file (JSONL or blob). Returns dict or None."""
     playtomic_dir = landing_dir / "playtomic"
-    # Search across year/month dirs for the target date
+    # Try JSONL first (new format), fall back to blob (old format)
+    matches = list(playtomic_dir.glob(f"*/*/availability_{target_date}.jsonl.gz"))
+    if matches:
+        return _read_availability_jsonl(matches[0])
     matches = list(playtomic_dir.glob(f"*/*/availability_{target_date}.json.gz"))
     if not matches:
         return None
-
     with gzip.open(matches[0], "rb") as f:
         return json.loads(f.read())
 
diff --git a/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/playtomic_tenants.py b/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/playtomic_tenants.py
index 8feb5c4..ea95eca 100644
--- a/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/playtomic_tenants.py
+++ b/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/playtomic_tenants.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 """Playtomic tenants extractor — venue listings via unauthenticated API.
 
 Paginates through the global tenant list (sorted by UUID) using the `page`
-parameter.  Deduplicates on tenant_id and writes a single consolidated JSON
-to the landing zone.
+parameter.  Deduplicates on tenant_id and writes a gzipped JSONL file to the
+landing zone (one tenant object per line).
 
 API notes (discovered 2026-02):
   - bbox params (min_latitude etc.) are silently ignored by the API
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pages.
 
 Rate: 1 req / 2 s per IP (see docs/data-sources-inventory.md §1.2).
 
-Landing: {LANDING_DIR}/playtomic/{year}/{month}/tenants.json.gz
+Landing: {LANDING_DIR}/playtomic/{year}/{month}/tenants.jsonl.gz
 """
 
 import json
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import niquests
 
 from ._shared import HTTP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS, USER_AGENT, run_extractor, setup_logging
 from .proxy import load_proxy_urls, make_round_robin_cycler
-from .utils import landing_path, write_gzip_atomic
+from .utils import compress_jsonl_atomic, landing_path
 
 logger = setup_logging("padelnomics.extract.playtomic_tenants")
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ def extract(
     """Fetch all Playtomic venues via global pagination. Returns run metrics."""
     year, month = year_month.split("/")
     dest_dir = landing_path(landing_dir, "playtomic", year, month)
-    dest = dest_dir / "tenants.json.gz"
+    dest = dest_dir / "tenants.jsonl.gz"
 
     proxy_urls = load_proxy_urls()
     next_proxy = make_round_robin_cycler(proxy_urls) if proxy_urls else None
@@ -138,8 +138,12 @@ def extract(
         if not next_proxy:
             time.sleep(THROTTLE_SECONDS)
 
-    payload = json.dumps({"tenants": all_tenants, "count": len(all_tenants)}).encode()
-    bytes_written = write_gzip_atomic(dest, payload)
+    # Write each tenant as a JSONL line, then compress atomically
+    working_path = dest.with_suffix(".working.jsonl")
+    with open(working_path, "w") as f:
+        for tenant in all_tenants:
+            f.write(json.dumps(tenant, separators=(",", ":")) + "\n")
+    bytes_written = compress_jsonl_atomic(working_path, dest)
     logger.info("%d unique venues -> %s", len(all_tenants), dest)
 
     return {
diff --git a/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/utils.py b/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/utils.py
index 15777f0..451c365 100644
--- a/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/utils.py
+++ b/extract/padelnomics_extract/src/padelnomics_extract/utils.py
@@ -174,3 +174,23 @@ def write_gzip_atomic(path: Path, data: bytes) -> int:
     tmp.write_bytes(compressed)
     tmp.rename(path)
     return len(compressed)
+
+
+def compress_jsonl_atomic(jsonl_path: Path, dest_path: Path) -> int:
+    """Compress a JSONL working file to .jsonl.gz atomically, then delete the source.
+
+    Streams compression in 1MB chunks (constant memory regardless of file size).
+    Atomic via .tmp rename — readers never see a partial .jsonl.gz.
+    Deletes the uncompressed working file after successful compression.
+    Returns compressed bytes written.
+    """
+    assert jsonl_path.exists(), f"source must exist: {jsonl_path}"
+    assert jsonl_path.stat().st_size > 0, f"source must not be empty: {jsonl_path}"
+    tmp = dest_path.with_suffix(dest_path.suffix + ".tmp")
+    with open(jsonl_path, "rb") as f_in, gzip.open(tmp, "wb") as f_out:
+        while chunk := f_in.read(1_048_576):  # 1 MB chunks
+            f_out.write(chunk)
+    bytes_written = tmp.stat().st_size
+    tmp.rename(dest_path)
+    jsonl_path.unlink()
+    return bytes_written
diff --git a/scripts/init_landing_seeds.py b/scripts/init_landing_seeds.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc61bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/init_landing_seeds.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+"""Create minimal landing zone seed files so SQLMesh models can run before real data arrives.
+
+Each seed contains one null/empty record that is filtered out by the staging model's
+WHERE clause. Seeds live in the 1970/01 epoch so they're never confused with real data.
+
+Usage:
+    uv run python scripts/init_landing_seeds.py [--landing-dir data/landing]
+
+Idempotent: skips existing files.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import gzip
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+def create_seed(dest: Path, content: bytes) -> None:
+    """Write content to a gzip file atomically. Skips if the file already exists."""
+    if dest.exists():
+        return
+    dest.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    tmp = dest.with_suffix(dest.suffix + ".tmp")
+    with gzip.open(tmp, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(content)
+    tmp.rename(dest)
+    print(f"  created: {dest}")
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("--landing-dir", default="data/landing", type=Path)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    base: Path = args.landing_dir
+
+    seeds = {
+        # --- Playtomic tenants ---
+        # JSONL: one null tenant (filtered by WHERE tenant_id IS NOT NULL)
+        "playtomic/1970/01/tenants.jsonl.gz":
+            b'{"tenant_id":null}\n',
+        # Blob: empty tenants array
+        "playtomic/1970/01/tenants.json.gz":
+            json.dumps({"tenants": [], "count": 0}).encode(),
+
+        # --- Playtomic availability (morning) ---
+        # JSONL: one null venue (filtered by WHERE tenant_id IS NOT NULL)
+        "playtomic/1970/01/availability_1970-01-01.jsonl.gz":
+            b'{"tenant_id":null,"date":"1970-01-01","captured_at_utc":"1970-01-01T00:00:00Z","slots":null}\n',
+        # Blob: empty venues array
+        "playtomic/1970/01/availability_1970-01-01.json.gz":
+            json.dumps({"date": "1970-01-01", "captured_at_utc": "1970-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+                        "venue_count": 0, "venues": []}).encode(),
+
+        # --- Playtomic recheck (blob only, small format) ---
+        "playtomic/1970/01/availability_1970-01-01_recheck_00.json.gz":
+            json.dumps({"date": "1970-01-01", "captured_at_utc": "1970-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+                        "recheck_hour": 0, "venues": []}).encode(),
+
+        # --- GeoNames ---
+        # JSONL: one null city (filtered by WHERE geoname_id IS NOT NULL)
+        "geonames/1970/01/cities_global.jsonl.gz":
+            b'{"geoname_id":null}\n',
+        # Blob: empty rows array
+        "geonames/1970/01/cities_global.json.gz":
+            json.dumps({"rows": [], "count": 0}).encode(),
+
+        # --- Overpass tennis ---
+        # JSONL: one null element (filtered by WHERE type IS NOT NULL)
+        "overpass_tennis/1970/01/courts.jsonl.gz":
+            b'{"type":null,"id":null}\n',
+        # Blob: empty elements array
+        "overpass_tennis/1970/01/courts.json.gz":
+            json.dumps({"version": 0.6, "elements": []}).encode(),
+
+        # --- Overpass padel (unchanged format) ---
+        "overpass/1970/01/courts.json.gz":
+            json.dumps({"version": 0.6, "elements": []}).encode(),
+
+        # --- Eurostat ---
+        "eurostat/1970/01/urb_cpop1.json.gz":
+            json.dumps({"rows": [], "count": 0}).encode(),
+        "eurostat/1970/01/ilc_di03.json.gz":
+            json.dumps({"rows": [], "count": 0}).encode(),
+        "eurostat_city_labels/1970/01/cities_codelist.json.gz":
+            json.dumps({"rows": [], "count": 0}).encode(),
+
+        # --- National statistics ---
+        "ons_uk/1970/01/lad_population.json.gz":
+            json.dumps({"rows": [], "count": 0}).encode(),
+        "census_usa/1970/01/acs5_places.json.gz":
+            json.dumps({"rows": [], "count": 0}).encode(),
+    }
+
+    print(f"Initialising landing seeds in: {base}")
+    for rel_path, content in seeds.items():
+        create_seed(base / rel_path, content)
+    print("Done.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_playtomic_availability.sql b/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_playtomic_availability.sql
index bf0b3f2..9092796 100644
--- a/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_playtomic_availability.sql
+++ b/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_playtomic_availability.sql
@@ -3,12 +3,17 @@
 -- "Available" = the slot was NOT booked at capture time. Missing slots = booked.
 --
 -- Reads BOTH morning snapshots and recheck files:
---   Morning:  availability_{date}.json.gz           → snapshot_type = 'morning'
---   Recheck:  availability_{date}_recheck_{HH}.json.gz → snapshot_type = 'recheck'
+--   Morning (new):  availability_{date}.jsonl.gz           → snapshot_type = 'morning'
+--   Morning (old):  availability_{date}.json.gz            → snapshot_type = 'morning'
+--   Recheck:        availability_{date}_recheck_{HH}.json.gz → snapshot_type = 'recheck'
 --
 -- Only 60-min duration slots are kept (canonical hourly rate + occupancy unit).
 -- Price parsed from strings like "14.56 EUR" or "48 GBP".
 --
+-- Supports two morning landing formats (UNION ALL during migration):
+--   New: availability_{date}.jsonl.gz — one venue per line, columns: tenant_id, slots, date, captured_at_utc
+--   Old: availability_{date}.json.gz  — {"date":..., "venues": [...]} blob (UNNEST required)
+--
 -- Requires: at least one availability file in the landing zone.
 -- A seed file (data/landing/playtomic/1970/01/availability_1970-01-01.json.gz)
 -- with empty venues[] ensures this model runs before real data arrives.
@@ -20,77 +25,105 @@ MODEL (
   grain (snapshot_date, tenant_id, resource_id, slot_start_time, snapshot_type, captured_at_utc)
 );
 
--- Morning snapshots (filename does NOT contain '_recheck_')
-WITH morning_files AS (
+WITH
+-- New format: one venue per JSONL line — no outer UNNEST needed
+morning_jsonl AS (
   SELECT
-    *,
-    'morning' AS snapshot_type,
-    NULL::INTEGER AS recheck_hour
+    date                             AS snapshot_date,
+    captured_at_utc,
+    'morning'                        AS snapshot_type,
+    NULL::INTEGER                    AS recheck_hour,
+    tenant_id,
+    slots                            AS slots_json
   FROM read_json(
-    @LANDING_DIR || '/playtomic/*/*/availability_*.json.gz',
-    format = 'auto',
+    @LANDING_DIR || '/playtomic/*/*/availability_*.jsonl.gz',
+    format = 'newline_delimited',
     columns = {
       date: 'VARCHAR',
       captured_at_utc: 'VARCHAR',
-      venues: 'JSON[]'
+      tenant_id: 'VARCHAR',
+      slots: 'JSON'
     },
-    filename = true,
-    maximum_object_size = 134217728  -- 128 MB; daily files grow with venue count
+    filename = true
   )
   WHERE filename NOT LIKE '%_recheck_%'
-    AND venues IS NOT NULL
-    AND json_array_length(venues) > 0
+    AND tenant_id IS NOT NULL
 ),
--- Recheck snapshots (filename contains '_recheck_')
--- Use TRY_CAST on a regex-extracted hour to get the recheck_hour.
--- If no recheck files exist yet, this CTE produces zero rows (safe).
-recheck_files AS (
+-- Old format: {"date":..., "venues": [...]} blob — kept for transition
+morning_blob AS (
   SELECT
-    *,
-    'recheck' AS snapshot_type,
-    TRY_CAST(
-      regexp_extract(filename, '_recheck_(\d+)', 1) AS INTEGER
-    ) AS recheck_hour
-  FROM read_json(
-    @LANDING_DIR || '/playtomic/*/*/availability_*_recheck_*.json.gz',
-    format = 'auto',
-    columns = {
-      date: 'VARCHAR',
-      captured_at_utc: 'VARCHAR',
-      venues: 'JSON[]'
-    },
-    filename = true,
-    maximum_object_size = 134217728  -- 128 MB; matches morning snapshot limit
-  )
-  WHERE venues IS NOT NULL
-    AND json_array_length(venues) > 0
-),
-all_files AS (
-  SELECT date, captured_at_utc, venues, snapshot_type, recheck_hour FROM morning_files
-  UNION ALL
-  SELECT date, captured_at_utc, venues, snapshot_type, recheck_hour FROM recheck_files
-),
-raw_venues AS (
-  SELECT
-    af.date                                            AS snapshot_date,
+    af.date                          AS snapshot_date,
     af.captured_at_utc,
-    af.snapshot_type,
-    af.recheck_hour,
-    venue_json
-  FROM all_files af,
+    'morning'                        AS snapshot_type,
+    NULL::INTEGER                    AS recheck_hour,
+    venue_json ->> 'tenant_id'       AS tenant_id,
+    venue_json -> 'slots'            AS slots_json
+  FROM (
+    SELECT date, captured_at_utc, venues
+    FROM read_json(
+      @LANDING_DIR || '/playtomic/*/*/availability_*.json.gz',
+      format = 'auto',
+      columns = {
+        date: 'VARCHAR',
+        captured_at_utc: 'VARCHAR',
+        venues: 'JSON[]'
+      },
+      filename = true,
+      maximum_object_size = 134217728  -- 128 MB; daily files grow with venue count
+    )
+    WHERE filename NOT LIKE '%_recheck_%'
+      AND venues IS NOT NULL
+      AND json_array_length(venues) > 0
+  ) af,
   LATERAL UNNEST(af.venues) AS t(venue_json)
 ),
+-- Recheck snapshots (blob format only — small files, no JSONL conversion needed)
+recheck_blob AS (
+  SELECT
+    rf.date                          AS snapshot_date,
+    rf.captured_at_utc,
+    'recheck'                        AS snapshot_type,
+    TRY_CAST(
+      regexp_extract(rf.filename, '_recheck_(\d+)', 1) AS INTEGER
+    )                                AS recheck_hour,
+    venue_json ->> 'tenant_id'       AS tenant_id,
+    venue_json -> 'slots'            AS slots_json
+  FROM (
+    SELECT date, captured_at_utc, venues, filename
+    FROM read_json(
+      @LANDING_DIR || '/playtomic/*/*/availability_*_recheck_*.json.gz',
+      format = 'auto',
+      columns = {
+        date: 'VARCHAR',
+        captured_at_utc: 'VARCHAR',
+        venues: 'JSON[]'
+      },
+      filename = true,
+      maximum_object_size = 134217728  -- 128 MB; matches morning snapshot limit
+    )
+    WHERE venues IS NOT NULL
+      AND json_array_length(venues) > 0
+  ) rf,
+  LATERAL UNNEST(rf.venues) AS t(venue_json)
+),
+all_venues AS (
+  SELECT * FROM morning_jsonl
+  UNION ALL
+  SELECT * FROM morning_blob
+  UNION ALL
+  SELECT * FROM recheck_blob
+),
 raw_resources AS (
   SELECT
-    rv.snapshot_date,
-    rv.captured_at_utc,
-    rv.snapshot_type,
-    rv.recheck_hour,
-    rv.venue_json ->> 'tenant_id'                      AS tenant_id,
+    av.snapshot_date,
+    av.captured_at_utc,
+    av.snapshot_type,
+    av.recheck_hour,
+    av.tenant_id,
     resource_json
-  FROM raw_venues rv,
+  FROM all_venues av,
   LATERAL UNNEST(
-    from_json(rv.venue_json -> 'slots', '["JSON"]')
+    from_json(av.slots_json, '["JSON"]')
   ) AS t(resource_json)
 ),
 raw_slots AS (
diff --git a/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_playtomic_opening_hours.sql b/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_playtomic_opening_hours.sql
index 08aa810..42e7bf9 100644
--- a/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_playtomic_opening_hours.sql
+++ b/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_playtomic_opening_hours.sql
@@ -5,8 +5,11 @@
 -- DuckDB auto-infers opening_hours as STRUCT, so we access each day by literal
 -- key (no dynamic access) and UNION ALL to unpivot.
 --
--- Source: data/landing/playtomic/{year}/{month}/tenants.json.gz
--- Each tenant has opening_hours: {MONDAY: {opening_time, closing_time}, ...}
+-- Supports two landing formats (UNION ALL during migration):
+--   New: tenants.jsonl.gz — one tenant per line, opening_hours is a top-level JSON column
+--   Old: tenants.json.gz  — {"tenants": [...]} blob (UNNEST required)
+--
+-- Source: data/landing/playtomic/{year}/{month}/tenants.{jsonl,json}.gz
 
 MODEL (
   name staging.stg_playtomic_opening_hours,
@@ -15,7 +18,22 @@ MODEL (
   grain (tenant_id, day_of_week)
 );
 
-WITH venues AS (
+WITH
+-- New format: one tenant per JSONL line
+jsonl_venues AS (
+  SELECT
+    tenant_id,
+    opening_hours AS oh
+  FROM read_json(
+    @LANDING_DIR || '/playtomic/*/*/tenants.jsonl.gz',
+    format = 'newline_delimited',
+    columns = {tenant_id: 'VARCHAR', opening_hours: 'JSON'}
+  )
+  WHERE tenant_id IS NOT NULL
+    AND opening_hours IS NOT NULL
+),
+-- Old format: blob
+blob_venues AS (
   SELECT
     tenant ->> 'tenant_id'    AS tenant_id,
     tenant -> 'opening_hours' AS oh
@@ -30,6 +48,11 @@ WITH venues AS (
   WHERE (tenant ->> 'tenant_id') IS NOT NULL
     AND (tenant -> 'opening_hours') IS NOT NULL
 ),
+venues AS (
+  SELECT * FROM jsonl_venues
+  UNION ALL
+  SELECT * FROM blob_venues
+),
 -- Unpivot by UNION ALL — 7 literal key accesses
 unpivoted AS (
   SELECT tenant_id, 'MONDAY'    AS day_of_week, 1 AS day_number,
diff --git a/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_playtomic_resources.sql b/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_playtomic_resources.sql
index 0907d6a..b6f6353 100644
--- a/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_playtomic_resources.sql
+++ b/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_playtomic_resources.sql
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 -- Individual court (resource) records from Playtomic venues.
--- Reads resources array from the landing zone JSON directly (double UNNEST:
--- tenants → resources) to extract court type, size, surface, and booking config.
+-- Reads resources array from the landing zone to extract court type, size,
+-- surface, and booking config.
 --
--- Source: data/landing/playtomic/{year}/{month}/tenants.json.gz
--- Each tenant has a resources[] array of court objects.
+-- Supports two landing formats (UNION ALL during migration):
+--   New: tenants.jsonl.gz — one tenant per line, resources is a top-level JSON column
+--   Old: tenants.json.gz  — {"tenants": [...]} blob (double UNNEST: tenants → resources)
+--
+-- Source: data/landing/playtomic/{year}/{month}/tenants.{jsonl,json}.gz
 
 MODEL (
   name staging.stg_playtomic_resources,
@@ -12,36 +15,56 @@ MODEL (
   grain (tenant_id, resource_id)
 );
 
-WITH raw AS (
-  SELECT UNNEST(tenants) AS tenant
-  FROM read_json(
-    @LANDING_DIR || '/playtomic/*/*/tenants.json.gz',
-    format = 'auto',
-    maximum_object_size = 134217728
-  )
-),
-unnested AS (
+WITH
+-- New format: one tenant per JSONL line — single UNNEST for resources
+jsonl_unnested AS (
   SELECT
-    tenant ->> 'tenant_id'                                AS tenant_id,
-    UPPER(tenant -> 'address' ->> 'country_code')         AS country_code,
-    UNNEST(from_json(tenant -> 'resources', '["JSON"]'))  AS resource_json
-  FROM raw
+    tenant_id,
+    UPPER(address ->> 'country_code')                         AS country_code,
+    UNNEST(from_json(resources, '["JSON"]'))                  AS resource_json
+  FROM read_json(
+    @LANDING_DIR || '/playtomic/*/*/tenants.jsonl.gz',
+    format = 'newline_delimited',
+    columns = {tenant_id: 'VARCHAR', address: 'JSON', resources: 'JSON'}
+  )
+  WHERE tenant_id IS NOT NULL
+    AND resources IS NOT NULL
+),
+-- Old format: blob — double UNNEST (tenants → resources)
+blob_unnested AS (
+  SELECT
+    tenant ->> 'tenant_id'                                    AS tenant_id,
+    UPPER(tenant -> 'address' ->> 'country_code')             AS country_code,
+    UNNEST(from_json(tenant -> 'resources', '["JSON"]'))      AS resource_json
+  FROM (
+    SELECT UNNEST(tenants) AS tenant
+    FROM read_json(
+      @LANDING_DIR || '/playtomic/*/*/tenants.json.gz',
+      format = 'auto',
+      maximum_object_size = 134217728
+    )
+  )
   WHERE (tenant ->> 'tenant_id') IS NOT NULL
     AND (tenant -> 'resources') IS NOT NULL
+),
+unnested AS (
+  SELECT * FROM jsonl_unnested
+  UNION ALL
+  SELECT * FROM blob_unnested
 )
 SELECT
   tenant_id,
-  resource_json ->> 'resource_id'                         AS resource_id,
+  resource_json ->> 'resource_id'                             AS resource_id,
   country_code,
-  NULLIF(TRIM(resource_json ->> 'name'), '')              AS resource_name,
-  resource_json ->> 'sport_id'                            AS sport_id,
+  NULLIF(TRIM(resource_json ->> 'name'), '')                  AS resource_name,
+  resource_json ->> 'sport_id'                                AS sport_id,
   CASE WHEN LOWER(resource_json ->> 'is_active') IN ('true', '1')
-    THEN TRUE ELSE FALSE END                              AS is_active,
+    THEN TRUE ELSE FALSE END                                  AS is_active,
   LOWER(resource_json -> 'properties' ->> 'resource_type')    AS resource_type,
   LOWER(resource_json -> 'properties' ->> 'resource_size')    AS resource_size,
   LOWER(resource_json -> 'properties' ->> 'resource_feature') AS resource_feature,
   CASE WHEN LOWER(resource_json -> 'booking_settings' ->> 'is_bookable_online') IN ('true', '1')
-    THEN TRUE ELSE FALSE END                              AS is_bookable_online
+    THEN TRUE ELSE FALSE END                                  AS is_bookable_online
 FROM unnested
 WHERE (resource_json ->> 'resource_id') IS NOT NULL
   AND (resource_json ->> 'sport_id') = 'PADEL'
diff --git a/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_playtomic_venues.sql b/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_playtomic_venues.sql
index de579b5..6240462 100644
--- a/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_playtomic_venues.sql
+++ b/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_playtomic_venues.sql
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 -- Playtomic padel venue records — full metadata extraction.
--- Reads landing zone JSON, unnests tenant array, extracts all venue metadata
+-- Reads landing zone tenants files, extracts all venue metadata
 -- including address, opening hours, court resources, VAT rate, and facilities.
 -- Deduplicates on tenant_id (keeps most recent extraction).
 --
--- Source: data/landing/playtomic/{year}/{month}/tenants.json.gz
--- Format: {"tenants": [{tenant_id, tenant_name, address, resources, opening_hours, ...}]}
+-- Supports two landing formats (UNION ALL during migration):
+--   New: tenants.jsonl.gz — one tenant JSON object per line (no UNNEST needed)
+--   Old: tenants.json.gz  — {"tenants": [{...}]} blob (UNNEST required)
+--
+-- Source: data/landing/playtomic/{year}/{month}/tenants.{jsonl,json}.gz
 
 MODEL (
   name staging.stg_playtomic_venues,
@@ -13,9 +16,52 @@ MODEL (
   grain tenant_id
 );
 
-WITH parsed AS (
+WITH
+-- New format: one tenant per JSONL line — no UNNEST, access columns directly
+jsonl_parsed AS (
+  SELECT
+    tenant_id,
+    tenant_name,
+    slug,
+    tenant_type,
+    tenant_status,
+    playtomic_status,
+    booking_type,
+    address ->> 'street'                                          AS street,
+    address ->> 'city'                                            AS city,
+    address ->> 'postal_code'                                     AS postal_code,
+    UPPER(address ->> 'country_code')                             AS country_code,
+    address ->> 'timezone'                                        AS timezone,
+    address ->> 'administrative_area'                             AS administrative_area,
+    TRY_CAST(address -> 'coordinate' ->> 'lat' AS DOUBLE)         AS lat,
+    TRY_CAST(address -> 'coordinate' ->> 'lon' AS DOUBLE)         AS lon,
+    TRY_CAST(vat_rate AS DOUBLE)                                  AS vat_rate,
+    default_currency,
+    TRY_CAST(booking_settings ->> 'booking_ahead_limit' AS INTEGER) AS booking_ahead_limit_minutes,
+    opening_hours                                                 AS opening_hours_json,
+    resources                                                     AS resources_json,
+    created_at,
+    CAST(is_playtomic_partner AS VARCHAR)                         AS is_playtomic_partner_raw,
+    filename                                                      AS source_file,
+    CURRENT_DATE                                                  AS extracted_date
+  FROM read_json(
+    @LANDING_DIR || '/playtomic/*/*/tenants.jsonl.gz',
+    format = 'newline_delimited',
+    filename = true,
+    columns = {
+      tenant_id: 'VARCHAR', tenant_name: 'VARCHAR', slug: 'VARCHAR',
+      tenant_type: 'VARCHAR', tenant_status: 'VARCHAR', playtomic_status: 'VARCHAR',
+      booking_type: 'VARCHAR', address: 'JSON', vat_rate: 'DOUBLE',
+      default_currency: 'VARCHAR', booking_settings: 'JSON',
+      opening_hours: 'JSON', resources: 'JSON',
+      created_at: 'VARCHAR', is_playtomic_partner: 'VARCHAR'
+    }
+  )
+  WHERE tenant_id IS NOT NULL
+),
+-- Old format: {"tenants": [...]} blob — keep for transition until old files rotate out
+blob_parsed AS (
   SELECT
-    -- Identity
     tenant ->> 'tenant_id'                                        AS tenant_id,
     tenant ->> 'tenant_name'                                      AS tenant_name,
     tenant ->> 'slug'                                             AS slug,
@@ -23,8 +69,6 @@ WITH parsed AS (
     tenant ->> 'tenant_status'                                    AS tenant_status,
     tenant ->> 'playtomic_status'                                 AS playtomic_status,
     tenant ->> 'booking_type'                                     AS booking_type,
-
-    -- Address
     tenant -> 'address' ->> 'street'                              AS street,
     tenant -> 'address' ->> 'city'                                AS city,
     tenant -> 'address' ->> 'postal_code'                         AS postal_code,
@@ -33,22 +77,13 @@ WITH parsed AS (
     tenant -> 'address' ->> 'administrative_area'                 AS administrative_area,
     TRY_CAST(tenant -> 'address' -> 'coordinate' ->> 'lat' AS DOUBLE) AS lat,
     TRY_CAST(tenant -> 'address' -> 'coordinate' ->> 'lon' AS DOUBLE) AS lon,
-
-    -- Commercial
-    TRY_CAST(tenant ->> 'vat_rate' AS DOUBLE)                    AS vat_rate,
+    TRY_CAST(tenant ->> 'vat_rate' AS DOUBLE)                     AS vat_rate,
     tenant ->> 'default_currency'                                 AS default_currency,
-
-    -- Booking settings (venue-level)
     TRY_CAST(tenant -> 'booking_settings' ->> 'booking_ahead_limit' AS INTEGER) AS booking_ahead_limit_minutes,
-
-    -- Opening hours and resources stored as JSON for downstream models
     tenant -> 'opening_hours'                                     AS opening_hours_json,
     tenant -> 'resources'                                         AS resources_json,
-
-    -- Metadata
     tenant ->> 'created_at'                                       AS created_at,
     tenant ->> 'is_playtomic_partner'                             AS is_playtomic_partner_raw,
-
     filename                                                      AS source_file,
     CURRENT_DATE                                                  AS extracted_date
   FROM (
@@ -62,6 +97,11 @@ WITH parsed AS (
   )
   WHERE (tenant ->> 'tenant_id') IS NOT NULL
 ),
+parsed AS (
+  SELECT * FROM jsonl_parsed
+  UNION ALL
+  SELECT * FROM blob_parsed
+),
 deduped AS (
   SELECT *,
     ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY tenant_id ORDER BY source_file DESC) AS rn
diff --git a/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_population_geonames.sql b/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_population_geonames.sql
index 699c90e..82f4826 100644
--- a/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_population_geonames.sql
+++ b/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_population_geonames.sql
@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@
 -- Broad coverage (140K+ locations) enables Gemeinde-level market intelligence.
 -- One row per geoname_id (GeoNames stable numeric identifier).
 --
--- Source: data/landing/geonames/{year}/{month}/cities_global.json.gz
+-- Supports two landing formats (UNION ALL during migration):
+--   New: cities_global.jsonl.gz — one city per line, columns directly accessible
+--   Old: cities_global.json.gz  — {"rows": [...]} blob (UNNEST required)
+--
+-- Source: data/landing/geonames/{year}/{month}/cities_global.{jsonl,json}.gz
 
 MODEL (
   name staging.stg_population_geonames,
@@ -12,7 +16,33 @@ MODEL (
   grain geoname_id
 );
 
-WITH parsed AS (
+WITH
+-- New format: one city per JSONL line
+jsonl_rows AS (
+  SELECT
+    TRY_CAST(geoname_id  AS INTEGER)  AS geoname_id,
+    city_name,
+    country_code,
+    TRY_CAST(lat         AS DOUBLE)   AS lat,
+    TRY_CAST(lon         AS DOUBLE)   AS lon,
+    admin1_code,
+    admin2_code,
+    TRY_CAST(population  AS BIGINT)   AS population,
+    TRY_CAST(ref_year    AS INTEGER)  AS ref_year,
+    CURRENT_DATE                      AS extracted_date
+  FROM read_json(
+    @LANDING_DIR || '/geonames/*/*/cities_global.jsonl.gz',
+    format = 'newline_delimited',
+    columns = {
+      geoname_id: 'INTEGER', city_name: 'VARCHAR', country_code: 'VARCHAR',
+      lat: 'DOUBLE', lon: 'DOUBLE', admin1_code: 'VARCHAR', admin2_code: 'VARCHAR',
+      population: 'BIGINT', ref_year: 'INTEGER'
+    }
+  )
+  WHERE geoname_id IS NOT NULL
+),
+-- Old format: {"rows": [...]} blob — kept for transition
+blob_rows AS (
   SELECT
     TRY_CAST(row ->> 'geoname_id'  AS INTEGER)  AS geoname_id,
     row ->> 'city_name'                          AS city_name,
@@ -33,11 +63,16 @@ WITH parsed AS (
     )
   )
   WHERE (row ->> 'geoname_id') IS NOT NULL
+),
+all_rows AS (
+  SELECT * FROM jsonl_rows
+  UNION ALL
+  SELECT * FROM blob_rows
 )
 SELECT
   geoname_id,
-  TRIM(city_name)      AS city_name,
-  UPPER(country_code)  AS country_code,
+  TRIM(city_name)                AS city_name,
+  UPPER(country_code)            AS country_code,
   lat,
   lon,
   NULLIF(TRIM(admin1_code), '')  AS admin1_code,
@@ -45,7 +80,7 @@ SELECT
   population,
   ref_year,
   extracted_date
-FROM parsed
+FROM all_rows
 WHERE population IS NOT NULL
   AND population > 0
   AND geoname_id IS NOT NULL
diff --git a/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_tennis_courts.sql b/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_tennis_courts.sql
index 8821f45..c9c5577 100644
--- a/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_tennis_courts.sql
+++ b/transform/sqlmesh_padelnomics/models/staging/stg_tennis_courts.sql
@@ -2,7 +2,12 @@
 -- Used as a "racket sport culture" signal in the opportunity score:
 -- areas with high tennis court density are prime padel adoption markets.
 --
--- Source: data/landing/overpass_tennis/{year}/{month}/courts.json.gz
+-- Supports two landing formats (UNION ALL during migration):
+--   New: courts.jsonl.gz — one OSM element per line; nodes have lat/lon directly,
+--        ways/relations have center.lat/center.lon (Overpass out center)
+--   Old: courts.json.gz  — {"elements": [...]} blob (UNNEST required)
+--
+-- Source: data/landing/overpass_tennis/{year}/{month}/courts.{jsonl,json}.gz
 
 MODEL (
   name staging.stg_tennis_courts,
@@ -11,7 +16,39 @@ MODEL (
   grain osm_id
 );
 
-WITH parsed AS (
+WITH
+-- New format: one OSM element per JSONL line
+jsonl_elements AS (
+  SELECT
+    type                                                          AS osm_type,
+    TRY_CAST(id AS BIGINT)                                        AS osm_id,
+    -- Nodes: lat/lon direct. Ways/relations: center object (Overpass out center).
+    COALESCE(
+      TRY_CAST(lat AS DOUBLE),
+      TRY_CAST(center ->> 'lat' AS DOUBLE)
+    )                                                             AS lat,
+    COALESCE(
+      TRY_CAST(lon AS DOUBLE),
+      TRY_CAST(center ->> 'lon' AS DOUBLE)
+    )                                                             AS lon,
+    tags ->> 'name'                                               AS name,
+    tags ->> 'addr:country'                                       AS country_code,
+    tags ->> 'addr:city'                                          AS city_tag,
+    filename                                                      AS source_file,
+    CURRENT_DATE                                                  AS extracted_date
+  FROM read_json(
+    @LANDING_DIR || '/overpass_tennis/*/*/courts.jsonl.gz',
+    format = 'newline_delimited',
+    columns = {
+      type: 'VARCHAR', id: 'BIGINT', lat: 'DOUBLE', lon: 'DOUBLE',
+      center: 'JSON', tags: 'JSON'
+    },
+    filename = true
+  )
+  WHERE type IS NOT NULL
+),
+-- Old format: {"elements": [...]} blob — kept for transition
+blob_elements AS (
   SELECT
     elem ->> 'type'                     AS osm_type,
     (elem ->> 'id')::BIGINT             AS osm_id,
@@ -32,12 +69,16 @@ WITH parsed AS (
   )
   WHERE (elem ->> 'type') IS NOT NULL
 ),
+parsed AS (
+  SELECT * FROM jsonl_elements
+  UNION ALL
+  SELECT * FROM blob_elements
+),
 deduped AS (
   SELECT *,
     ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY osm_id ORDER BY extracted_date DESC) AS rn
   FROM parsed
-  WHERE osm_type = 'node'
-    AND lat IS NOT NULL AND lon IS NOT NULL
+  WHERE lat IS NOT NULL AND lon IS NOT NULL
     AND lat BETWEEN -90  AND 90
     AND lon BETWEEN -180 AND 180
 ),
@@ -54,8 +95,8 @@ with_country AS (
       WHEN lat BETWEEN 36.35 AND 47.09 AND lon BETWEEN  6.62 AND 18.51 THEN 'IT'
       WHEN lat BETWEEN 37.00 AND 42.15 AND lon BETWEEN -9.50 AND -6.19 THEN 'PT'
       ELSE NULL
-    END)                      AS country_code,
-    NULLIF(TRIM(name), '')    AS name,
+    END)                       AS country_code,
+    NULLIF(TRIM(name), '')     AS name,
     NULLIF(TRIM(city_tag), '') AS city,
     extracted_date
   FROM deduped